Appendix 1
POINTS TO CONSIDER BEFORE USING ANTIBIOTICS
1. Antibiotics should be used only as a last resort.
2. Definite disease diagnosis, including antibiotic sensitivity, should be done before administering antibiotics.
3. Chemotherapeutants that are less expensive and have negligible impact on the environment (or environment-friendly) are preferred.
4. The tolerance of the cultured species as well as the disease agent to the chemotherapeutant should be known.
5. The properties of the chemicals and its impact on non-target species, toxicities, effective doses, and spectrum of activity should be known.
6. The effect of the chemotherapeutant to human health, market and the environment should be considered.
7. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to the development of resistant strains that may be difficult to treat.
8. Maximum residue limits and withdrawal periods for antibiotic used in food fishes should be considered before harvesting the fish.
9. In some cases such as the occurrence of a serious disease problem, eradication should be considered. Eradication includes removal of all susceptible species followed by drying out and liming of ponds and disinfection of contaminated paraphernalia.
Appendix 2
LIST OF ANTI-INFECTIVES RECOMMENDED FOR MARINE FOOD FISH USE AND THEIR WITHDRAWAL PERIOD (Cruz- Lacierda et al., 2000)
Appendix 3
PROPER STORAGE OF FEEDS (Bautista et al., 1994)
For dry ingredients and artificial feeds
1. Provide a clean, dry, secure, and well-ventilated storage area. Avoid direct exposure to sunlight.
2. Label feeds and feed ingredients properly. Arrange feeds by kind and date.
3. Pile feed bags not more than 6 bags high on a platform 12-15 cm off the floor. To discourage insects, spread ash around and under the platform.
4. Store dry feeds not longer than 3 months. Use old feeds before the new deliveries. First in, first out.
5. Do not walk on the sacks of feed.
For moist or wet feed ingredients
1. Use fresh trash fish immediately or keep them frozen until use. Use moist compounded feeds fresh.
2. Keep oils and fats in sealed amber or dark-colored containers inside a cold store or refrigerator. Maintain the temperature of the cold storage below 10°C. Avoid overloading and unnecessary opening of the cold storage.
3. Keep vitamins in air tight, lightproof containers inside a refrigerator. Keep vitamins and minerals in separate containers.
A GENERALIZED KEY TO VITAMIN DEFICIENCY FOR FINFISH (adapted from Lim and Webster, 2001)
Acute – infection which develops rapidly, of short course, often fatal
Anchor – a posterior attachment organelle in monogeneans
Anemia – a condition characterized by a deficiency of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, or erythrocytes in the blood
Anorexia – loss of appetite
Anoxia – absence of oxygen in the tissues
Antibiotic – a chemical substance originally produced from molds or bacteria, but now from synthetic substances. Antibiotic can inhibit the growth of, or kill, other microorganisms
Ascites – the accumulation of serum-like fluid in the abdomen
Asphyxiation – deficiency of oxygen
Atrophy – a decrease in the amount of tissue or the size of an organ after normal growth has been achieved
Bacteria – one-celled microorganisms which lack well-defined nucleus
Blister – a thin vesicle, especially on the skin, containing watery matter
Carrier – one that transmits disease germs
Cercariae – free-swimming larval stage of digeneans
Chronic – of long duration or frequent recurrence
Cilia – short, hair-like structures used for movement
Copepods – small planktonic or bottom-dwelling crustaceans
Cyst – a non-motile, resistant, inactive stage; the term is also applied to changes in nucleic acid shape
Denaturation – a change in the shape of an enzyme that destroys its
activity
DHA – docosahexaenoic acid
Diagnosis – the determination of the nature of a given disease
Dinoflagellates – a group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms which swims by means of a pair of whip-like
flagella
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – the nucleic acid that constitutes the genetic material of
all cellular organisms.
It is a polynucleotide composed of deoxyribonucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds
Dropsy – ascites; abnormal accumulation of liquid in internal organs or tissues
Ectoparasite – a parasite living in the external surfaces of the host
Edema – excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces
EFA – eicosapentaenoic acid
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) – an immunological test to detect minute quantities of an
antigen or an antibody
Emaciation – become abnormally lean
Encapsulation – the covering of a parasite by the host with materials, mostly, if not entirely, of host origin
Encephalitis – inflammation of the brain
Encystment – the covering of a parasite with materials of parasite origin
Endemic – recurring in a locality
Endoparasite – a parasite living inside the body of the host
Endospore – the thick inner chitinous layer of the wall in a microsporean
spore
Enteritis – the inflammation of the intestine
Enzyme – a protein catalyst with specificity for both the reaction catalyzed and its substrates
Epibiont fouling – presence of organisms on the surface of an animal
Epizootic – widespread outbreak of fish diseases
Exophthalmia – abnormal protrusion of the eyeball
Exospore – the proteinaceous outer layer of the wall in a microsporean spore
Fin rot – a progressive erosion and disintegration of fish fins
Flagella – long, hair-like structures used for locomotion
Fungus – a general term for a group of eukaryotic protista (e.g., mushrooms, yeasts, molds, etc.) marked by
the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of a rigid cell wall
Granuloma – the aggregation and proliferation of defense cells, usually macrophages, which lead to formation
of small nodules or granules
Haptor – the posterior and principal organ of attachment used by monogeneans
Hemoglobin – the respiratory pigment of red blood cells that takes up oxygen at the gills or lungs and releases it to tissues
Hemorrhage – internal bleeding and subsequent clotting caused by the rupture of blood vessels
Hepatocytes – liver cells
Histopathology – study of pathological lesions in a tissue
Holdfast – the attachment organ of some parasites
Host – a living organism harboring another orgnism
Hyperplasia – the increase in size of a tissue or an organ by the formation and growth of new cells
Hypertrophy – an increase in size of a tissue or an organ due to an increase in size of individual cells
Hypha(e) – a filament that develops from the germ tube of a fungus
IFAT (indirect fluorescent antibody technique) – a technique in which unlabelled antibody is incubated with
the antigen then overlaid with a fluorescent conjugated anti-immunoglobulin to form a sandwich
Infection – a pathological condition due to the growth of microorganism in a host
Infectious disease – disease due to the microbial multiplication in the affected organism
Inflammation – a tissue reaction resulting from an irritation by a foreign material and causing a migration of
leukocytes and increased flow of blood to the area, producing swelling, reddening, heat, pain and tenderness
Intermediate host – a host in which the larval stages of a parasite develop
Intracellular – situated or occurring inside a cell
Lesions – any morbid change in function or structure of an organ or tissue
Lethargy – weakness or sluggishness
Lipodosis – disease condition characterized by inflamed fatty liver
Lordosis – spinal curvature oriented laterally
Metacercariae – encysted cercariae of digeneans
Mycelium – mass of hyphae constituting the body (thallus) of a fungus
Mycosis – a fungus infection of an animal
Myopathy – degeneration or atrophy of the muscles
Necrosis – the alteration of tissue which results in cell death and formation of exudate
Nodule (nodular) – a small aggregation of cells
n-3 HUFA – highly unsaturated fatty acid with double bonds in every 3 carbon atoms
Obligate parasite – an organism that can, in nature, obtain food only from living protoplasms; organisms
considered as obligate parasites usually cannot be grown in culture or non-living media
Oncomiracidium – a hatched larva of monogeneans
Parasite – an organism that lives at the expense of another, usually invading it and causing disease
PAS stain – periodic acid Schiffs stain
Pathogen – a disease-producing agent
Pathogenic – capable of producing disease
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) – an enzymic method for amplifying exponentially specific pre-selected fragment of DNA
Pharyngobranchials – part of the gills immediately next to the pharynx
Plasmodium – a multinucleate mass of protoplasm which is originally produced from a uninucleate stage
Polar capsule – a thick-walled vesicle in myxosporeans with an inverted polar filament
Parts per million (ppm) – or milligrams per liter or grams per ton
Primer – a short stretch of RNA or DNA used as a staring point for nucleic acid synthesis
Proboscis – a muscular, protrusible feeding organ in some parasitic organisms
Prophylaxis – preventive action
Quarantine – isolation of material or animal to prevent the spread of infectious disease it carries
Rancid – refers to the deterioration of fats
RNA (ribonucleic acid) – a polynucleotide composed of ribonucleotides joined by the phosphodiester bridges
RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) – a method to perform PCR for RNA
amplification
Scoliosis – spinal curvature oriented dorsoventrally
Scurvy – a condition brought about by deficiency of ascorbic acid
Septicemia – a systemic disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in
the blood stream
Shell valve – one of the parts of the myxosporean spore wall
Spore – the infective stage of an organism that is usually protected from the environment by one or more
protective membranes
Sporoplasm – the infectious component in spores
Stigma – a pigmented red spot in dinoflagellates; it may also be present in the dinospore and other stages
Thrombosis – the formation of presence of a blood clot within a blood vessel
Tomites – cells within the tomont which result from serial binary division
Tomont – a cyst-like structure formed by the trophont following detachment from the host
Trophont – the feeding and growing stage of a parasitic protozoan, which differentiates into the reproductive
tomont following detachment
Ulceration – an open sore on skin or mucosal surfaces; it involves lesions with erosion of surface epithelium
and inflammation of infiltration of leucocytes
Vacuolation – containing spaces or cavities in the cytoplasm of a cell
Vector – any agent that transmits an infectious organism
Virus – a minute infectious agent which can be resolved or viewed clearly only under a high-powered
microscope. It lacks independent metabolism, and is able to replicate only within a cell
Vitamin – an organic compound occurring in minute amounts in foods and essential for numerous metabolic reactions in animals